“It was virulent beyond anything in anyone’s memory, and the most terrifying effect of this mysterious virulence was not only that it killed so many people but that it turned them against one another.”
So opens “The Black Death,” the third chapter of Otto Friedrich’s brilliant 1986 book, The End of the World: A History.
The narrative examines “the monumental, often inexplicable catastrophes that have at various times swept over humankind–moments when, for numerous people, the world did come to an end.”
Among the catastrophes vividly depicted by Friedrich:
- The Sack of Rome
- The Birth of the [Spanish] Inquisition
- The Black Death
- The Coming of [the Russian] Revolution
- The Kingdom of Auschwitz
As America comes face-to-face with the terrors of Ebola, the pages Friedrich devotes to the original plague may turn out to be as much prophecy as history.
Bubonic plague originated in Central Asia, killing 25 million people. Upon reaching Constantinople in 1347, it spread to Naples and Venice. Trade ships from these ports spread the plague to southern France and Italy.
It reached Paris in June, 1348, and London several months later. By 1350, all Europe was ravaged by the plague.
Within four years it destroyed a quarter to half of the population of Europe.
The plague was caused by the bacillus Pasteurella pestis, which lives in rats and other rodents. The fleas living in these animals transmitted the plague to people by biting them. Within five days, the victims had died.
By the time the plague had run its course, it had killed 75 to 200 million people.
The signs of infection became unmistakable: Growths in the thighs, about the size of apples, then dark blotches and bruises on the thighs, arms and other parts of the body.
As a result of these dark blotches, the plague quickly became known as the Black Death.
“O happy posterity,” wrote the Italian poet Petrarch, “who will look upon our testimony as a fable. Will posterity believe that there was a time when, with no deluge from heaven, no worldwide conflagration, no wars or other visible devastation…but almost the whole earth was depopulated?”
The plague destroyed not only the lives of its victims but the fragile bonds that hold society together.
“As the number of deaths increased in Messina,” wrote the Franciscan monk Michael, “many desired to confess their sins to the priests and to draw up their last will and testament. But priests and lawyers refused to enter the houses of the deceased….
“Soon men hated each other so much that, if a son was attacked by the disease, his father would not tend him. If, in spite of all, he dared to approach him, he was immediately infected….
“Soon the corpses were lying forsaken in the houses. No priest, no son, no father and no relation dared to enter, but they paid hired servants with high wages to bury the dead. Soon there was a shortage of servants and finally none at all.”
Bones of plague victims stacked by a monk at the Sedlec Ossuary.
No one knew what caused it. Many–especially members of the Catholic clergy–believed the plague was God’s judgment on a sinful world.
Philip VI, the king of France, fearing this might be true, issued a proclamation against blasphemy. For a first offense, a blasphemer’s lip would be cut off; for a second, the other lip. And for a third offense, the tongue.
Medical professors at the University of Paris believed that a disturbance in the skies had caused the sun to overheat the oceans near India. As a result, the waters were giving off toxic vapors.
Guy de Chauliac, the physician to Pope Clement VI, believed that the plague had been caused by a conjunction of Saturn, Jupiter and Mars, in the sign of Aquarius. This, he believed, had corrupted the earth’s atmosphere.
Just as no one knew what had caused the plague, no one knew how to protect oneself against it.
Among the remedies prescribed: Bleeding, purging, bathing in vinegar to purify the body and the burning of odiferous wood to purify the air.
Others trusted to faith, praying for deliverance. Some went on pilgrimages or subjected themselves to self-flagellation to expiate their sins. The Brotherhood of the Flagellants appeared in Dresden, Hamburg and Magdeburg, then spread throughout Europe.
For others, debauchery seemed to be the road to salvation–or at least temporary happiness while they waited for the plague to claim them.
“People behaved as if their days were numbered,” wrote Giovanni Boccaccio, “and treated their belongings and their own persons with equal abandon. Hence most houses had become common property and any passing stranger could make himself at home.”
Yet none of the prescribed medical cures brought relief. And no amount of religious devotion brought salvation.
As Friedrich notes: “One of the most baffling and terrifying aspects of the plague [was] its indiscriminate slaughter of the devout as well as the sinful. If this was God’s anger, how could it be understood, much less appeased?”
The plague ravaged France, Germany, England, Spain, Norway, Poland, Hungary, Russia. After devastating London in 1665 and Marseille in 1720, the disease mysteriously disappeared.
Some believe the common black rat was destroyed by the larger brown rat, which lived outdoors, away from people. Others believe a milder, mutant form of the disease caused its victims to build up immunities.
No one knows for certain.

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THE TRUTH ABOUT POLICE
In Bureaucracy, Law Enforcement, Politics, Social commentary on October 17, 2014 at 1:21 amLori Tankel had a problem: A lot of angry people thought she was George Zimmerman.
She began getting death threats on her
cellphone after a jury acquitted him on July 13, 2013, of the second-degree murder of 17-year-old Trayvon Martin.Unfortunately for Tankel, her number was one digit away from the number Zimmerman used to make his call to police just before he fatally shot Martin.
The phone number had been shown throughout the trial. And, believing the number was Zimmerman’s, someone posted Tankel’s number online.
Just minutes after the verdict, Tankel began getting death threats.
“We’re going to kill you. We’re going to get you. Watch your back,” threatened a typical call.
Tankel worked as a sales representative for several horse companies. She had grown used to relying on her phone to keep her business going.
But, almost as soon as the Zimmerman verdict came in, “My phone just started to blow up. Phone call after phone call, multiple phone
calls,” Tankel said.So she did what any ordinary citizen, faced with multiple death threats, would do: She called the police.
According to her, the Seminole County Sheriff’s Office told her the department itself receives around 400 death threats a minute on social media sites.
In short: Unless you’re wealthy, a politician or–best of all–a cop, don’t expect the police to protect you if your life is threatened.
If you doubt it, consider the lessons to be learned when, in February, 2013, Christopher Dorner declared war on his former fellow officers of the Los Angeles Police Department.
First, above everyone else, police look out for each other.
Robert Daley bluntly revealed this truth in his 1971 bestseller, Target Blue: An Insider’s View of the N.Y.P.D. A police reporter for the New York Times, he served for one year as a deputy police commissioner.
“A great many solvable crimes in the city were never solved, because not enough men were assigned to the case, or because those assigned were lazy or hardly cared or got sidetracked.
“But when a cop got killed, no other cop got sidetracked. Detectives worked on the case night and day….
“In effect, the citizen who murdered his wife’s lover was sought by a team of detectives, two men. But he who killed a cop was sought by 32,000.”
Second, don’t expect the police to do for you what they’ll do for one another.
The LAPD assigned security and surveillance details to at least 50 threatened officers and their families. A typical detail consists of two to five or more guards. And those guards must be changed every eight to 12 hours.
SWAT team
Those details stayed in place long after Dorner was killed in a firefight on February 12.
But if your bullying neighbor threatens to kill you, don’t expect the police to send a guard detail over. They’ll claim: ”We can’t do anything until the guy does something. If he does, give us a call.”
Third, the more status and wealth you command, the more likely the police are to address your complaint or solve your case.
If you’re rich, your complaint will likely get top priority and the best service the agency can provide.
But if you’re poor or even middle-class without high-level political or police connections, you’ll be told: “We just don’t have the resources to protect everybody.”
Fourth, don’t expect your police department to operate with the vigor or efficiency of TV police agencies.
“I want this rock [Hawaii] sealed off,” Steve McGarrett (Jack Lord) routinely ordered when pursuing criminals on “Hawaii Five-O.”
Jack Lord as Steve McGarrett
Real-life police departments, on the other hand:
Even when police ”solve” a crime, that simply means making an arrest.
After that, there are at least three possible outcomes:
Fifth, the result of all this can only be increased disrespect for law enforcement from a deservedly–and increasingly–cynical public.
It is the witnessing of blatant inequities and hypocrisies such as those displayed in the Christopher Dorner case that most damages public support for police at all levels.
When citizens believe police care only about themselves, and lack the ability-–or even the will-–to protect citizens or avenge their victimization by arresting the perpetrators, that is a deadly blow to law enforcement.
Police depend on citizens for more than crime tips. They depend upon them to support hiring more cops and buying state-of-the-art police equipment. When public support vanishes, so does much of that public funding.
The result can only be a return to the days of the lawless West, where citizens–as individuals or members of vigilantee committees–looked only to themselves for protection.
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